Governance

Governance is a common term that have been use around the world. everywhere people will take about the governance especially the education sector. Governance play an important role in our state, department and also family. Family??? How it relate??

Governance is the act of governing that relates to decision that define expectations, grant power or verify performance. 

In this topic I will summarize the definition with my own word which is Governance=management...

How do I said that??

Governance is a way of people make the decision and the way of a leader lead a group. It is related to how they manage their group. it is a skill of management. good governance will make a productive group in the other hand bad governance will destroy the group. 

Community nowadays confused between the government and governance. 

The real fact is government is a part of governance because the government manage its community. 

according to UNESCAP governance define as:

"the process of decision-making and the process by which decisions are implemented (or not implemented)"

Picture below shows an example of urban governance. 

Source: UNESCAP, 2013

A good governance is necessary to lead a society or a group or any level of communities. but how to be a good governance is the key point to be answer. 

Participation

Participation by both men and women is a key cornerstone of good governance. Participation could be either direct or through legitimate intermediate institutions or representatives. It is important to point out that representative democracy does not necessarily mean that the concerns of the most vulnerable in society would be taken into consideration in decision making. Participation needs to be informed and organized. This means freedom of association and expression on the one hand and an organized civil society on the other hand.

Rule of law

Good governance requires fair legal frameworks that are enforced impartially. It also requires full protection of human rights, particularly those of minorities. Impartial enforcement of laws requires an independent judiciary and an impartial and incorruptible police force.

Transparency

Transparency means that decisions taken and their enforcement are done in a manner that follows rules and regulations. It also means that information is freely available and directly accessible to those who will be affected by such decisions and their enforcement. It also means that enough information is provided and that it is provided in easily understandable forms and media.

Responsiveness

Good governance requires that institutions and processes try to serve all stakeholders within a reasonable timeframe.

Consensus oriented

There are several actors and as many view points in a given society. Good governance requires mediation of the different interests in society to reach a broad consensus in society on what is in the best interest of the whole community and how this can be achieved. It also requires a broad and long-term perspective on what is needed for sustainable human development and how to achieve the goals of such development. This can only result from an understanding of the historical, cultural and social contexts of a given society or community.

Equity and inclusiveness

A society’s well being depends on ensuring that all its members feel that they have a stake in it and do not feel excluded from the mainstream of society. This requires all groups, but particularly the most vulnerable, have opportunities to improve or maintain their well being.

Effectiveness and efficiency

Good governance means that processes and institutions produce results that meet the needs of society while making the best use of resources at their disposal. The concept of efficiency in the context of good governance also covers the sustainable use of natural resources and the protection of the environment.

Accountability

Accountability is a key requirement of good governance. Not only governmental institutions but also the private sector and civil society organizations must be accountable to the public and to their institutional stakeholders. Who is accountable to whom varies depending on whether decisions or actions taken are internal or external to an organization or institution. In general an organization or an institution is accountable to those who will be affected by its decisions or actions. Accountability cannot be enforced without transparency and the rule of law.

As a conclusion lets practice a good governance in ourselves so that we will lead our group well.

Urban Gentrification

Gentrification for me is a tough word to understand. therefore i create this entry just to share with all of you the understanding of the term gentrification.  

Gentrification is a shift in an urban community toward wealthier residents or businesses and increasing property value, sometimes to the detriment of the poorer residents of the community. 

Urban Gentrification:

"A cycle of human activities devaluation in a centrally located district, subsequent to a population shift towards outlying area" (Guimond and Simard 2010)

what should I conclude to this definition??

gentrification is one of the terminology that show the increasing income or the way to increase the property. 

In a community undergoing gentrification, the average income increases and average family size decreases. Poorer pre-gentrification residents who are unable to pay increased rents or property taxes may be driven out. Often old industrial buildings are converted to residences and shops. New businesses, which can afford increased commercial rent, cater to a more affluent base of consumers. This further increasing the appeal to higher income migrants and decreasing the accessibility to the poor.

Gentrification occurs in urban areas where prior disinvestment in the urban infrastructure creates opportunities for profitable redevelopment, where the needs and concerns of business and policy elites are met at the expense of urban residents affected by work instability, unemployment and stigmatization. 

Urban gentrification will occur a situation where at this phase the communities are highly dependent on vehicle. there will be transport-oriented development and physical mobility management setbacks. 

Gentrification has been viewed as an unfortunate desecration of interesting and authentic urban neighbourhood, a dilution of vibrant ethnic neighbourhoods into something that is bland and uninteresting. At worst, the critics of gentrification have viewed the phenomenon as a major source of disadvantage for low income urban residents who, having established a community with all of its complex social network must now see it torn apart as they displaced. 

Some of scholar has see gentrification as a natural consequence of the process of ageing with a durable housing stock and present a model that has gentrification as a predicted outcome that can be expected to eventually take place in all cities.

Urban gentrification is not the best situation as every community eager to upgrade their lifestyle to more wealthy lifestyle and fulfill their demand on brighter life. There will be a bad impact on society as the poor will become more poorer and as a rich become more richer. 

Therefore a realistic action have to be considered in order to gain a best outcome in the community development. 

Rural @ Urban???

Nowadays people would prefer live in the urban area rather than in the rural area. What are the reasons of this???
1) The income factor
2) The lifestyle factor

These two main factors that been as an indicator to people to choose what they want in their life. Because of the people satisfaction to get a better life they will migrate to the better place.

Urban is one of the place that people choose to live. urban have serve a better infrastructure, income and lifestyle. In the other hand, rural will have a depopulation issue.

However, government have implement some initiatives to decrease the number of people migration from rural to urban area.

What are the initiatives??
Among the initiatives that have been implemented in the rural areas such as the development of the socioeconomic. This initiatives is to develop income of the rural population by providing the employment chances.

According to the Model Baru Ekonomi Luar Bandar 2011, there are several action that have been taken ans set up by government to increase the rural economy. They have set up a strategies like build up some agencies that supervise and ensure the economic development of the rural area.

They implement some program like example Satu Daerah Satu Industri which create job opportunities to the rural population. Besides that, government also make new policy to ensure the rural development such as:
1) Dasar Ekonomi Baru
2) Dasar Pertanian Negara
3) Dasar Transformasi Ekonomi

All of these policies help the rural economic development. The enhancement of the infrastructure in the rural area also one of the government strategies to develop rural area.

Therefore, why there are still people migrate from rural to urban??

People will move to the urban because they said that there are no job they can do in the rural. Therefore they choose to migrate. However they are not realize that the lifestyle in urban area make they struggle to find a better income. the life cost in urban area is higher than in rural.

Why do i said that??
If we have a lunch in rural area, we will only spent less that RM10 for a set of "nasi campur" however in urban area we will spent more than RM10 for a plate of nasi.

If we took a look in the lifestyle scope. we will get a luxury life in urban with the good infrastructure, good social life and also good entertainment facilities.

However in rural, we will get a healthy environment or the popular term that always be use is "sustainable environment" which we will not have to pay. we also have the entertainment facilities such as the river, paddy land and the beach panorama which all of these absolutely for free.

Therefore, the action that government has been taken to generate the rural income to develop rural area economic is the best way to prevent young people migrate to the urban. There will not change anything if only government implement the program or initiative but there are no one willing to do it.